“Yellow Goji Berry” Became Chinese Goji Berry Star

In June 30, 2017, located in Ningxia town of Mingsha goji berry manor, a string of sparkling yellow goji berries are covered with branches.

“This 30 acres of” golden goji berry “was introduced last year from the Ningxia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the golden goji berry has the good-looking appearance, bright color and good taste. There is a strong appeal to the consumers.” The staff said, tourists picking fresh yellow goji berry price 60usd per kilogram.

Yellow goji berry is scarce species in Chinese goji berry. Since 2013, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural Sciences has used individual priority, hybrid breeding, space mutation technology developed yellow goji berry 12 strains, of which the regional test was made for 4 selected strains, demonstration area of 60 acres, bred two new varieties, named “Ning Nongqi No. 4” and “Ning Nongqi No. 5”

Compared with the fruits of red goji berry, yellow goji berry juice has no smell, no bitterness, delicate flesh, and the nutrients show the advantage of the characteristics of low total sugar, low polysaccharide, low carotenoid, high juice yield, high flavonoid, it is goji berry processing especially fresh goji berry juice beverage processing ideal germplasm. Yellow goji berry juice rate reached more than 80%, while red goji berry is only 67.47%; the content of total flavonoids in goji ingredients more than 0.83 mg, 60% higher than the red goji berry.

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Goji berry of Ningqi No.4 is a good variety selected from cannabis leaves and planted in Ningxia, which has characteristics of advanced yield, high yield, high quality and so on. The yield and quality of goji berry of Ningqi No.4 are similar to that of goji berry of Ningqi No.1, however, the ability of resistance toinsects and black fruit disease is stronger than that of goji berry of Ningqi No.1.

After a year of investigation of goji berry of Ningqi No.4 by Ningxia ForestVariety Approval committee, the goji berry of Ningqi No.4 was authorized as“improved plants” in March 2005, and it was promulgated its name by the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Forestry Bureau in 2005 first in November 2005.

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Farming goji berry of Ningqi No.9 was a new variety reproduced and selected by specific plant in Ningxia goji berry production farm in Inner Mongolia. This variety has characteristics of strong growth, self-incompatibility, heat resistance, large pulp and high grade rate. Zhao Jianhua et al made comparative test and regional test for farming goji berry of Ningqi No.9 by comparing with goji berry of Ningqi No.7 in Yinchuan, Zhongwei, Zhongning and other areas in Ningxia in 2008 and 2010. Qin Kenet al started test in Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Gansu and other areas in 2012. The variety showed good characteristics of large pulp and stable yield at different experimental sites, and it was authorized and named as farming goji berry of Ningqi No.9 by Ningxia Forest Variety Approval Committee inDecember 2014.

1.Characteristics

The trees of farming goji berry of Ningqi No.9 are opened with characteristics of fast growth, heat resistance, self-incompatibility and need mixture planting and orchard establishment, the plants will be in a stable period after planted 5 years in Ningxia. Compared with goji berry of Ningqi No.7, the phonological period of farming goji berry of Ningqi No.9 is longer; the fruit ripening period was 6 days later. The old branches are gray white without thorns under normal water and fertilizer conditions. The annual branches are green with purple stripes at tips. The natural branching ability is weak (2.8 branches / branch) and the branching ability after cut is strong (4.4branches / branch). Branches are thick and long with medium hardness (the branches are 51.93 cm long and 9.25px thick on average), the average length of internodes is 39.25px. The mature leaves are thick, dark green, and the leaves of annual branches are twisted. The length to width is 4.2 to 1, and the leaf is 0.71mm thick. The flowers of biennial branches are fewer, every internode can grow 0.25 flower on average, the upper part of the flower buddies purple, the calyx is broken with 5 petals, the lobes of tube are round, the diameters of blooming petals are 40.25px, the throat of flower is pea green, there are three green vascular bundles on the crown and the middle of the lobe’s back. The average fruit weight is 1.06 grams, the fresh fruits are 15% heavier than goji berries of Ningqi No.7, the ratio of vertical and horizontal diameter is 2.5, the flesh is 1.8mm thick, and the fruit contains about 32 seeds on average, the fresh to the dry is 4.3 to 4.7. The drying rate is 14% lower than goji berries of Ningqi No.7, the back mixing of dried fruit is about50 grams/220 grains, and is higher than goji berries of Ningqi No.7–50 grams/313 grains, the plants can produce more than 260 kg of dried fruit perms at full bearing period.

2.Cultivation techniques          

Farming goji berry of Ningqi No.9 is Suitable for planting in Ningqi, Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang and other suitable areas. And it should be planted with pollination tree in the farm: people should choose goji berry of Ningqi No.1, farming goji berry of Ningqi No.1 and farming goji berry of Ningqi No.2 and others with same drying speed to mix, and the ratio of mixed planting is 1/3. The flowers of old branches are fewer, the methods of cutting in the dormant time can be simplified to loosing and cutting, The drying rate is 14% lower than goji berries of Ningqi No.7, so the fruits should be dried by hot machine. The plants are weak in resisting insects, the damaged period is longer because of the longer branches, people should monitor, observe and prevent in advance at phonological period.

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The first tree of goji berry of Ningqi No.5 was found in production orchard of goji berry of Ningqi No.1, and it was the clone after asexual reproduction.The goji berry of Ningqi No.5 has advantages of high and stable yield, large fruit, good taste, easy pick and high profit.

1. Characters of fruits

The goji berries are orange red with bright surface, the average weight of each fruit is 1.1 grams, and its weight can be 3.2 grams at max. The index of fresh fruit is 2.2, the waist of fruit is straight without ridges, the vertical section of fruit is a circle, and the tip of the fruit is a blunt, the verticaldiameter and transverse diameter of fruit are about 2.54cm and 1.74cm, the flesh is 0.16cm thick with 15-40 seeds. The fruits can be dried in sunny days after 4.5 days with dietary alkali in Ningxia, the fresh fruit to dried fruit is 4.3 to 1, and the dried are red and glossy with 56% of sugar, 3.49% of goji berry polysaccharide, 1.20 mg /100 g of carotene and0.98g/100 g of betaine. The fruits are resistant to squeeze, the comfortable depth of basket for bearing fruit is 30 ~ 35 cm.

2. Botanical characteristics

The tree of goji berry of Ningqi No.5 is strong and big with supple branches, the flowers are 1.8cm long and the diameters of petals are 1.6cm. the styles are longer than anther of stamen, the fresh anther is white and dissilient without loose power, corolla lobes become purpleafter blooming, the yellow corolla tube throat is a star ship set by the purple lobes in blossom period, the wall of corolla tube is pale yellow, and there are some fluffs near the base of filament, the calyx is broken. The leaves are dark green and thick, the old leaves are blue green flat veins, the leaves of biennial branches are lanceolate and fascicled, the leaves of annual branches are alternate and lanceolate, and the middles are wide while the tips are sharp, the leaves are 3-5cm long, and the length to width is 4.12 to 4.38. The annual branches are yellow white with purple stripes on tips, the tips of annual fruiting branches are slender, the internodes of tips are long, the fruiting shoots are slim, soft and long, which will not influence picking. The internodes are 1.3 ~ 2.5 cm long, 70% of fruiting shoots are 40 ~ 70 cm long, there are some sharp twigs at the later 1/3 part of old shoots, fruiting shoots bear fruits at 8 ~ 15 cm, the internodes are 1.13 cm.

3. Biological characteristics

Phenological period: the plants sprout from 13^th April, grow year old branches from April 23^rd, grow annual branches from May 11^th, ripen fruits from May 30^th, bear a large number of fruits from June 9^th, and grow autumn branches from July 16^th.

Habits of growing and bearing: the trees are 1.6m high, 6.38cm wide with 1.7m of crown diameter after planted for 6 years. The branches are opened and the trees are dense, the saplings have strong growth potential, and can transform to reproductive growth after pinched two times, on average, year old branch can bear about 2.1 fruits on each internode, the annual branches with 8.2 internodes can bear 0.8 fruit on each internode, the branching ability of secondary branches after cut is 4.5, the branching ability of secondary branches without cut is 10.4. The effective length of 70% of fruiting branches is 40-70cm.

4. Stress resistance

The plants have strong resistances on insects, powdery mildew and thrips, and weak on resisting root rot. Fruits will be broken after raining. Plants are fond of sunshine with tolerance to cold and drought and can not tolerate dank and wet environment.

5. Economic characteristics

The yield per mu is 240-260 kilograms with 269 /50 grams of dried fruits, and the rate of bearing super fruit is about 100%.

6. Cultivation Techniques

Planting: people should choose medium or light loam to grow, and theunderground water level should be lower than 100 cm. As for a small area of artificial cultivation, the row spacing of plants is 1.5 *2 meters; the young trees can be planted densely. As for a large area of artificial cultivation, the row spacing of plants is 1 * 2.8 ~ 3 meters, male sterileplants need pollination trees to reproduce, and the proper pollination trees are goji berries of Ningqi No.1and Ningqi No.4.

Mixed planting methods: people should mix them with 1-2 plants and raise bees in the production area.

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There are abundant protein, vitamins, amino acids, rutin, and betaine in goji berrie leaf. Goji berrie leaf is named as nourishing plant from the heaven and earth, and it is also named as sweet grass, the plant on the soil, goji berry vegetable. Goji berry leaf is a kind of popular health product and planted for eating in south China. Leaf use goji berries are created from goji berries and can be divided slender leaves goji berries and large leaves goji berries.

1.Slender leaves goji berries

Slender leaves goji berries are 90cm high and 55cm wide, the stems are 85cm long and 0.6cm thick, the plants are green when young and bluish brown in the harvest. Leaves alternate with ovate-lanceolate, the leaves are 5cm long and 3cm wide and are slender and thicker, the leaves are green with fragrant smells and high qualities, and there are some hard thorns on leaf axils. The plants can be harvested for about 5 months after planted 50 ~ 60 days.

2.Large leaves goji berries

Large leaves goji berries are 75cm high and 55cm wide, the stems are 70cm long and 0.7cm thick, the plants are green, leaves alternate with large oval, the leaves are 8cm long and 5cm wide and are thin and green with faint smells and high qualities, and there are not any hard thorns but maybe some soft thorns on leaf axils. The plants can be harvested for about 5 months after planted 60 days.

In general, these two kinds of goji berries can not bloom and bear fruit and can only propagate by cuttings.

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Goji berries of Ningqi No.3 are superior clones selected with the method of comparison of 3 dominant trees from goji berries in Ningxia. This kind of goji berry is strong with fast growth. The plants have opening crowns and strong branching abilities, the bearing shoots are long and soft with sag growth, the inner wall of the corolla tube is yellow, and there are dense fluffs near the base of filament. The goji berry of Ningxia No.3 selected and declared by National Goji Berry Engineering Technology Research Center has been authorized as improved variety by The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Forest Variety Approval Committee. Goji berry of Ningxia No.3 which has abilities of fast growth, strong branching abilities, vigorous shoot growth, cold and alkali resistance, and strong resistance to black fruit disease is bred by oji berry of Ningxia No.1. Compared with goji berry of Ningxia No.1, the fruits of goji berry of Ningxia No.3 are large, abundant, sweet, juicy with high yield. The polysaccharide, betaine, and 8 kinds of amino acids content in the fruit are 6.6%, 4.76%, and 16.59% higher than the goji berry of Ningxia No.1. But the plant has lower rate of self-pollination.

Goji berry of Ningxia No.3 is same as goji berry of Ningxia No.1 in seedling transplanting, fertilizing, managing and other aspects, but it should be taken measures to pest control in advance, and fertilized 1-2 times more, as for new shoots, people should eliminate the buds to prevent removal and short cut.The most suitable planting areas for it are arid areas with water condition in Ningxia such as Haiyuan, Tongxin, Yuanzhou district of Guyuan, it can also be planted in the areas irrigated by the Yellow River such as Yinchuan, Huinong, Zhongning and so on.

Goji berry of Ningxia No.3 is bred by oji berry of Ningxia No.1. Compared with goji berry of Ningxia No.1, the corolla tube and the base of corolla lobe of goji berry of Ningxia No.3 are purple, while the ones of goji berry of Ningxia No.1 are yellow; the tips of shoots of goji berry of Ningxia No.3  are yellowish green, while ones of goji berry of Ningxia No.1 are purple; as for goji berry of Ningxia No.3, the leaves are green with concave cross sections and tapered tips, while the cross sections of leaves of goji berry of Ningxia No.1 are convex with blunt and sharp tips; the fruits of goji berry of Ningxia No.3 are large and thick, and the fruit waists are convex, while the fruits of goji berry of Ningxia No.1 are slender, and the fruit waists are straight.

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Goji berry of Ningqi No.2 is new kind of boji berry with high yield, high quality and high adaptability which is selected from the best varieties of cannabis leaves goji berries with single-plant selection, and has beenpromoted the cultivation in Ningxia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Hubeiand other provinces or autonomous regions.

The tree vigor of goji berry of Ningxia No.2 is strong with fast growth, opening crown, ventilation and light penetrating. After planted in Ningxia for 6 years, the tree is 1.59m high, the root is 6.0cm thick and the crown diameter is 1.9m. The barks are brown, the branches of current year are gray and white, and the shoots are reddish and white. The branches with fruits are slender and soft with a few thorns, the branches are 35.4cm long in average and up to 95cm with 1.41cm long of internodes. The leaves on the biennial branches are dark green and lanceolate, the alternate leaves and 2 ~ 3opposite leaves on the current branches are lanceolate with 2.61 – 7.45 cmlong, 0.65 – 1.43 cm wide, 0.457 mm thick. The flowers of the plants are especially big with 1.67 cm long and 1.57 cm in diameter of petals, there are dense fluffs near the base of filaments, the petals are recurved, and the calyxes are cracked. The fruits are also big, spindle shaped with a sharp tip, thelongitudinal diameter is 2.43 cm and the transverse diameter is 0.98 cm in average, the fruits are 0.178 cm thick, and the fresh to dry is 4.38 to 1, thethousand-grain weight of fruits are 590.5 grams. And seeds account for 6.77% weight of the fruit.

According to anatomical features, a layer of cutin membrane out of theepidermic cells from twigs, leaves, roots thickens like waves, and there are more crystal-containing cells in the flesh, the middle of the mesophyll, the cortex and the pith of the branch, and the cortex of the root. The structure of leaf is near to isobilateral leaf whose upper epidermal cells are thicker than the lower epidermal cells, the vascular cylinder is in the middle of the mesophyll, and palisade cells enlarge to water storing cells. The area of leaf is6.7 cm2, the ratio of its volume to area is 0.0457. The upper and lowerepidermal cells of the leaves are 19.46 and 12.16 microns thick and the mesophyll is about 425.38 microns thick. There are 4.3 vascular cylinders in the transverse section of the leaf. The size of stomas in the upper epidermisof leaf is 563.5 microns, the density is about 71.8 per square millimeter. The size of stomas in the lower epidermis of leaf is 539.3 microns, the density is about 118.3 per square millimeter. The leaves are bid and thin with large fruits. Goji berry of Ningxia No.2 is a kind of high yield variety under thecondition of water and fertilizer.

Goji berry of Ningxia No.2 contains vitamin C of 22.11 mg /100 grams, 8 kinds of essential amino acids of 1.631 mg /100 mg, carotene of 6.30 mg / 100 grams and goji berry polysaccharide 1.647% with immunologic function.

Goji berry of Ningxia No.2 has strong adaptability to soil, and can grow on sandy soil, light loam and clay soil. However, the most suitable is to grow it on fertile sandy soil or light soil. In Ningxia, the branches with bear fruits at the same year on the light sierozemthe with 1 nmol / L -0.158 nmol/L density of hydrogen ion, pH9.0-9.8,and  water table of 90-100 cm. The yield of fruit will be 332.6 kg/mu in the sixth year, the rates of bearing super fruit, a grade fruit, b grade fruit and c grade fruit are 71.30%, 15.20%, 10.80% and 2.70%. The plant has a strong ability of root rot resistance, but people should also pay attention to prevent the pests such as goji berry aphids and gojiberry red midges.

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