Experts of Chinese Academy of Sciences at the Wuhan botanical garden has established a precedent that goji berry which is afraid of water has been planted the rainy south by grafted. Last week, the patent of invention of botanical garden of field cultivation method of Ningxia goji berry in Central China was authorized by country, This is the first nationwide case to make Ningxia goji berries in Central China with high temperature and rainfall by grafting, which can be retrieved.

From being made to salad, cake to fried rice, goji berry has been deemed as a “Star” food in foreigners, recently, the “Guardian” made special reports on goji berries and said that as traditional Chinese medicine, goji berry gained much praise of western gourmets. In 2016, China’s exports of goji berry have exceeded 110 million US dollars.

Lv Haiyan, an engineer of Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan botanical garden, told that Ningxia goji berry is the only goji berry species that can be loaded into the Pharmacopoeia of People’s Republic of China in 80 kinds of goji berries with rich goji berry proteoglycan, vitamin C and the matters of anti-aging and anti-fatigue, it has a more than 2000 years of cultivation history in China’s northwest and other places, and Chinese scientific researchers have not given up to get them out of the northwest. Goji berries need sunshine and are afraid of water, in 1980s, agriculture experts in our city made some tests, but 30 years passed by, the research of cultivating Ningxia goji berry in Wuhan showed that Ningxia goji berry cannot be cultivated in open field, because the roots cannot be soaked into the water, the sleeper caused by plum rains in spring and summer in Central China will leading to the root suffocation, withered leaves and the death of plants.

Wang Ying, the leader of research group and the expert in goji berry, wanted to bring some new variety of goji berries called green land No.1 of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Ningxia which were selected and cultivated by herself to central China and widely plant, but it didn’t work without water, she said: “more than ten thousand seeds from Ningxia died finally, what a painful lesson!”

The research teams were enlightened by an old couple worked at Ningxia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and they broke through the forbidden zone of intergeneric hybridization, created the miracle that tomatoes grafted with goji berries and chili grafted with goji berry. Lv Haiyan said they would graft goji berries cultivated well in Central China with Ningxia goji berries. Finally, in half mu field of the botanical garden, more than 200 grafted plants survived, and even survived from rainstorms in Wuhan. And it proved that the survival rate of grafted Ningxia goji berries is up to 100%, and the survival rate of transplanting in field is up to 97.5%, the plants have good and strong growth, and will not be affected in the rainy season, the grafted goji berries can be industrialized to food by large production-scale, the Ningxia goji berries which can be fried, and made to salad or soup will also appear on the table in Wuhan.

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Biological organic fertilizer refers to the active microorganisms compounded by specific microorganisms and organic materials from animal and plant residues after the harmless treatment and decomposition, it also contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers with rich organic matters. It has many advantages of no pollution and durable effects, it is also helpful in strengthening seedlings, ameliorating soil, increasing yields and improving qualities. Meanwhile, using organic fertilizer can avoid environmental pollution, ecological destruction, fertility decline and other drawbacks caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

The specific functional microorganism of biological organic fertilizer

➤ To cultivate a large number of azotobacter by using carbon source and nitrogen from the organic matters in soil and the nitrogen dioxide in the air.

➤ To decompose phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and potassium bacteria with P and K in the soil or the soil parent material.

➤ To inhibit pathogen growth and promote the reproduction of bacteria.

Generally, the bio organic fertilizer has quantitative microbes per gram, after applied into soil, under the condition of 25～35℃ of ground temperature, pH 5.5 – 8.5, 50 ~ 70% of water in the soil, no fungicide residues, the azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, potassium bacteria and bacteria can breed a generation every 20 minutes with growing exponentially. Each beneficial bacteria is a storehouse of fertilizer, the production factory of beneficial bacteria is moved under ground and produces nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other trace elements for plants to absorb, thus increasing the yield and quality, improving the quality of soil, promoting cultivating and reducing the occurrence of pests and diseases.

Effect of biological organic fertilizer

1.50 kg of bio organic fertilizer can produce 4.3 kg of nitrogen, 2.7 kg of phosphorus and 6.5 kg of potassium.

2.After mixed with farmyard manure, it can completely replace the fertilizer; if the farmyard manure is not enough, people should reduce 30% of fertilizer of seedling, and stop using fertilizer after the biological organic fertilizer is enough.

3.A part of the fertilizer will be absorbed by crops, and most of that have no time to be absorbed will be digested by bacteria, fertilizers transform into organic matters for plants to absorb to reduce the loss of fertilizer and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, at the same time, it can minimize the adverse effects of fertilizer on the environment and the quality of agricultural products, improve the resistance of diseases and pests, people can reduce the application of pesticide 3 ~ 4 times a year to improve crop quality and sales price, which will be conducive to product sales.

4.Using biological organic fertilizer can eliminate soil compaction, improve soil structure, increase soil permeability and reduce soil loss. Improving soil organic matters can not only protect the environment, but also create a sustainable and stable soil environment.

5.Biological organic fertilizer has sustained and stable fertilizer efficiency. It can maintain the growth in bearing period, achieve both nutrition and reproductive growth, which not only helps to improve the annual yield, but also lays the foundation for the next year and mitigate the phenomenon of alternate bearing.

6.The crops are strong and green with photosynthetic efficiency increased after applied bio organic fertilizer. With the powerful effects, the plants are not waste, and harvest period can be extended. The principle of increasing production is to increase the seed setting rate and grain yield, improve the harvest yield about more than 10%.

7.Microbial activities can improve soil temperature in early spring, the goji berries of early maturing cultivation in greenhouse and open-air cultivation can be listed 5 – 7 days in advance.

8.The fruits are plump, uniform and bright with strong fragrance and attracted appearance, the soluble solids and sugar can be increased 1 -2 degrees, the softness of fruits will increase and the taste will retain customers.

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1.Weeding

It is necessary to weed twice a year, people should weed in spring in April and autumn in September, firstly, people should dig the soil with 20cm deep, then people should weed to plant goji berries in wide area, therefore, people weed by machine in modern production, which can not only achieve the purpose of weeding, but also loose the soil to improve the growth environment. In some cases, generally for the goji berries planted in that very year, people can grow some beets or melons among goji berries, which can only be done in the same year.

2.Fertilizer and water management

Goji berries bear fruits in summer and autumn, during planting, the management of water and fertilizer is very important, which can directly improve the yield and the quality of fruit. During the fertilizer spraying, the fertilizer cannot be sprayed on leaves, during fertilizing, people should cover the fertilizers with soil and water them, people always fertilize in autumn and choose the amount of fertilizer by planting area.

3.Pruning

Regular pruning on goji berry plants can ensure better absorption of nutrients and faster growth, generally speaking, the yield will be higher with time goes by, the plants grow faster year by year, people should choose the brunches grown in second year to prune. At the same time, during pruning, people should shape and prune in a scientific way to ensure the branches can be exposed to the sunshine and have better breathing, also to let the branches grow faster, so as to achieve the goal of high yield, and ensure the stable development of branches, improve fruit quality.

4.Harvesting and processing

1) As for drying of goji berry, goji berries should be poured into lye and soaked for a time, then coupled with aqueous alkali which is mixed with water and dietary alkali with the ratio of 10:1, and the put out goji berries to rinse out wax on the surface and dry them in a short time, usually for 5 days. Also, after soaked in aqueous alkali, goji berries can be protected if they have some fruit wounds, the sugar in the fruit can be avoided to evaporate and the fruit color can be maintained.

2) Reasonable drying: goji berries should be dried on the screen, goji berries can not be exposed to too bright sunshine and can not be touched and stirred to avoid damage.

3) Processing: the root of goji berry is also a good medicine, so people should dig out the roots out at the beginning of spring to separate the root and skin and dry them after shredding.

4) Fruit drying: fruit drying can be divided into three stages, the standard of judging final drying is to hold goji berries in hand and observe the dispersed state.

Above all, through a series of measures, with time goes by, people can obtain a good harvest and have high yield and quality orchard, by the way, there are still some technical promotion space that should be found by staff to maintain high yield and quality in the cultivation.

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With the development of people’s living standard, more and more nourishing foods are used in people’s daily life, goji berry is a kind of popular fruit, also, as for goji berry, and planting management is economical and can be used in many areas of our country.

1． Orchards establishment

The most important thing for obtaining high quality and high yield goji berries is to select and manage the growing environment, therefore, firstly people should establish orchards and loose soil in the early stage, at the same time, people should choose the land with adequate nutrient and fertile soil, in addition, in order to avoid soil pollution, the land had better not be connected with the geology of the factory, and the land closed to the park with lots of dust is not the best choice.

2． Seedling cultivation

As for goji berry cultivation, firstly, people should follow the principles of adequate fertilizer and fertile soil, and make seedbeds with relevant standards and norms to provide better development for goji berry, seedlings are generally cultivated by graft, at the beginning of autumn, people should cut some effective branches and have a simple cut to maintain the branches of12~15cm long, the branches had better have 3~5 axillary bud, thus seedlings can be inserted in the seedbed, and the spacing of seedlings should be 30cm, and then they should be covered with soil and watered with analysis, after a period of cultivating, the plants will grow leaves, and axillary buds will grow to branches in the second year after watered, fertilized and weeded, at this time, the branches should be cut at 1/5 long from the land to make them reproduce again, in this way, the survival rate can be promoted and the growth rate can be increased.

3． Planting

Then people should determine growth environment for plants generally in spring, during planting, the row spacing should be kept in 2.5m, and the spacing of plants should be kept in 1m, after that, people should dig hole of30~40cm wide to plant, and place immature soil and mellow soil in a distance, each plant should be fertilized about 5kg, people should put together fertilizer and soil to the plants, cover the plants with soil, and water them. People should water them after determining 14~21d, if they want to make high survival rate of goji berries.

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Recently, reporters went into the greenhouse of off-season goji berry base in Ningxia Zhongning and found that goji berries are luxuriant with green branches and red fruits, the fruits are crystal and plump, and the trees are covered by fresh fruits.

Currently, more than 300 jin greenhouses goji berries have been listed, the average price is about 400 RMB per jin, the supply is not adequate to the demand. The production will be 1500 jin this year, and the total output value will be 600 thousand RMB, the goji berries out of season greatly meet the market and meet the demand of people for high-quality, seasonal and fresh fruits.

It is reported that there are more than 40 mu of modern out of season goji berry base in Jin Hill in Ningxia, Zhongning with nine high standard and modern greenhouses, the 10 mu of three greenhouses were built to cultivate goji berry of Ningxia No.1, No.5, No.7, and No.9 this year, the greenhouses were equipped with heating, lighting, temperature, dormant and other facilities, which can effectively improve the bearing rate.

The reporters learned that after listing, the company changes the sales model that consumer should buy goji berries in greenhouse, they implement some services such as reservation sales, delivery service and varieties of fast and convenient services, so that consumers will be able to eat the day picking fresh, which are praised by consumers.

Seedling, grading, packing and transport

Seedling time of goji berry

The soil has completely thawed in seedling time in early March to early April, people should injure less roots to maintain the integrity of roots and eliminate waste and diseased plants after seedling.

Grading

To grading goji berries according to the classification standards, the plants that can not be loaded up on that very day should be transplanted to maintain the water in roots.

Packing

People should pack the graded plants before loading, after soaking with sticky mud water, the roots should be packed by plastic and the shoots should be packed before loading to avoid scratching the skin between plants. As for the packed plants, people should check the temperature and humidity of roots, the packaging should be finished in the shortest possible time.

Transport

Plants should be loaded immediately after package, generally people load in the  morning and finish in the high temperature, maintaining the low temperature of plants is beneficial to transport. People should prevent drying and mildew in transit, after reaching the destination, plants should be removed package immediately and transplanted or stored.

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Vital movements of goji berries begin from seeds, roots and shoots of the previous generation, after germination, the plants grow roots, stems, leaves and bear fruits, the plants begin to fall leaves and have dormancy in early winter, and begin to sprout in the next spring, the plants run in this circles until the senescence of root and plant death. The life cycle of goji berry is the experience of seedling breeding, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, pruning, updating on root in soil management and senescence until death. Cultivating goji berries on deep soil, the life can be extended to one hundred years, effective production (fruit production) life can be 30 years. According to the characteristics of fruit production, the effective life cycle is divided into 5 stages.

1.Seedling stage (vegetative growth stage)

Seedling stage means the period from germination to first flowering of sexual seedlings and the period from growing roots to first flowering and bearing fruits of asexual seedlings. The seedlings were generally 1-2 years old, the young plants are short with strong growth of crown and roots, the upper part will grow vertically and vigorously without pruning. As for asexual seedlings, most of them are taken from mature organs of goji berries and have high development and advanced bearing period. Especially for the cottage seedling, the seedling is from the mother tree that has strong branches and can bear fruits. Mature branches have more rooting point, high rate of rooting, and strong roots, the plants can bear fruits in autumn without pruning in spring, while if people prune, plants only need 3 months from growing root to flowering and bearing fruits. And people should strengthen the management of water and fertilizer to promote growth, strengthen the management of pruning to promote lateral branches, cultivate strong plants and lay a good foundation for high yield. In general, the annual growth rate of root was 0.5-1.3cm, which was the fastest growing stage of plants.

2.The initial stage (young stage)

The reproductive stage for asexual cottage seedlings is from the seedling year to the third year, also means from the first flowering to bearing a large number of fruits, while the stage for sexual seedlings is from the second year to the fifth year. This period is characterized by the rapid growth of root and crown, which is the best period of cultivation for the crown and production of high quality fruits. In this period, people should supply enough water and fertilizer, prevent diseases and insects, especially strengthen the management of pruning, by comparing the sizes of plants, people should choose the methods of pruning, cutting and keeping to prune vigorous branches, cut middle branches to promote the development of secondary and third branches, expand and shape the crown and lay the foundation for high yield and quality. The root will become 0.5-1.0cm thicker in a year, and the crown will expand 30-50cm.

3.Fruiting stage (fruiting period)

Fruiting stage means the growth period of 4-30 years after planting, during the period which contains vegetative growth and reproductive growth, plants have active metabolism, plants grow stronger with lush foliage, the crown grows into the maximum value, and the plants is 1.6-1.7m high and 5-13cm thick. Meanwhile, this is the period for plants of flowering and bearing fruits, the yield will be 150-250kg per mu. Due to the large number of flowering and growth of tree age, the nutrient in the plants decreased, and the plants grow slowly and the branches gradually shift, people must strengthen water and fertilizer management to harvest high yield and quality of fruits. This period can also be divided into three stages: the 5-10 years after planting is the early fruiting stage, the plants and roots still grow vigorously, the annual growth of root is about 0.4cm; the 10-20 years after planting is the mid fruiting stage, the plants grow slowly with the annual growth of 0.2cm of roots; the 20-30 years after planting is the final fruiting stage, plants grow more slowly with the annual growth of 0.15cm of roots, most branches under the crown are aging and dying. At this time, people should be more careful to the management of water and fertilizer and pests control, people should improve illumination in pruning and renewal pruning, use middle branches and vigorous branches to fill the void of crown, and use new branches to update old branches to prolong the fruiting period.

4.Final fruiting stage

Final fruiting stage refers to the period that plants planted for more than 30 years but less than 50 years, and is a continuation of the fruiting stage. At this time, the growth of plants begins to weaken; the annual growth of roots is only 0.1cm. The ability of bearing fruits descends, the fruits become smaller, the crown is empty and the top is exposed. People should focus on pruning to update old branches, and pinch and cut to promote the growth of branches and delay of bearing fruits. Also, the orchard needs to be renovated.

5.Senescence stage

Senescence stage means the plant growth of more than 50 years, in this period, the growth of plants begins to weaken, crowns lose their shape, the ability of bearing fruits descends with sharp decline in production. The trunk and root are going to be rotten, which will lost the value of economic cultivation.

Although there are obvious differences in all stages of goji berries, the changes are continuous and gradual without obvious boundary. The length and changes mainly depend on cultivation and management technology. Understanding the characteristics and changes of each period correctly can help to develop appropriate management, facilitate bearing fruits, achieve high and stable yield and extend fruiting period to improve economic efficiency.

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Ning Qi 1

Planting: garden should be selected soil or light soil, underground water level not higher than 90 cm. A small area of artificial cultivation production, the final line spacing of 1.5 x 2 meters, young trees can be doubled close planting. A large area of artificial farming garden, plant spacing of 1 * 2.8 to 3 meters, the height of self-compatibility, can be a single species.

Fertilizer management: reproductive strong growth potential, resistance of fertilizer, planting year mu organic fertilizer 2m3 Ningqi 1 urea 25 kg 25 kg two amine potassium chloride of 15 kg, with increasing tree yield increase fertilization increase year by year, from 3 to 4 years after entering the full fruit period, fruit Mu Shi Sheng 4m3 organic fertilizer, 50 kg urea two amine 50 kg, 30 kg potassium chloride, 5 ~ 6 years of irrigation, full fruit period can increase the amount of irrigation.

Ning Qi 5

Planting: garden should be selected soil or light soil, underground water level not higher than 100 cm. A small area of artificial cultivation production, the final line spacing of 1.5 x 2 meters, young trees can be doubled close planting. A large area of artificial farming garden, plant spacing of 1 * 2.8 ~ 3 meters, no need of male sterile pollen, pollination tree, pollination tree Ningqi No. 1, No. 4, mixing with 1:1 ~ 2 strains mixed planting, production garden needs stocking of bees.

Ning Qi 7

Suitable for planting in Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang and other suitable areas of Chinese goji berry. Can a single species garden, pure cultivation, planting density of 1m * 3m or 1.5m * 2.0m. The 2 level is the main choice of biennial collateral dormant pruning for the object, to hold the weak branch are short section, the branch length in 20~30cm, single branch quantity about 40; and 1, the main trunk of germination on the lateral branches is the leggy branches sprout in the selection will be erased two, the strong branch branch group choose to stay in its 20cm for promoting flower topping, promote fruit trees soothing.

Through the pruning of dormancy period and the construction of summer, the branch of each plant was ensured to be 250. Fertilization and period with “Ningqi 1” is basically the same, but because of its strong roots, taproot is fleshy, fertilization distance should be more “Ningqi 1” is about 20cm, organic fertilizer fertilizer must first maturity, avoid fertilizer burn.

Ning Nongqi No. 1 (0902)

Self-incompatibility, need to configure the best pollination tree and morphology and flowering fruit similar to the average fruit weight is more than 1 varieties (lines) were mixed planting, suggested the use of “09-01” and “09-09” 1:1 mixed planting. The strain is not strict to the environment, suitable for planting in Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang, etc..

Ning Nongqi No. 9 (0901)

Suitable for planting in Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang and other suitable areas of Chinese goji berry. Orchard with pollination tree selection: “Ningqi No. 1” and “Ning Nongqi No. 1” and “Ning Nongqi No. 2” “long grain type drying speed. The lines were mixed planting, planting proportion of 1-1:3. The old flower consumption, dormant pruning can be simplified as “thinning and cutting method of two words, drying speed is more than” Ningqi 7 “slow 14%, recommended hot air oven drying. The gall mite resistance is weak, and the period of the extension of the branch is longer and the damage period is longer.

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The demand of goji berry for nitrogen fertilizer

1. The amount of nitrogen absorbed by goji berries will increase with the growth and development of plants. Goji berries grow and bear fruits twice a year. Also their roots have growth peaks. The branches which have grown for more than one year or two years begin to germinate and grow in May, and began to grow abundantly in June, feeding plants withnitrogen fertilizer in the two periods will cause the best effects.
2. Feeding plants with nitrogen fertilizer in spring will increase a year available nitrogen level in the soil, the nitrogen fertilizer works slowly but it can last for a long time and is not easy to run off. The nitrogen fertilizer works quickly in summer, but it only can last for a short time, with the same amount. Generally, it only can last for 1/3 of spring. While feeding plants with nitrogen fertilizer in autumn can just last for 2/3 of spring. Therefore, feeding plants with nitrogen fertilizer in summer will cause the greatest loss and can not do better than feeding in spring.
3. Goji berries will be small with poor growth because of lack of nitrogen, the leaves will become light green, even will become yellow, but without dots.The old leaves from the lower part will become yellow firstly, and then the upper leaves, the yellow caused by lack of nitrogen is not the same as theyellow caused by drought, the drought almost make leaves yellow directly.

The demand of goji berry for phosphate fertilizer

1. Phosphate fertilizer plays an important role in metabolizing, such asblooming, fruits bearing, growth of branches and leaves, differentiation of flower bud and fruit growth. The proper supplement of phosphatefertilizer can improve the ability of roots to absorb other nutrients. Therefore, the demand for phosphate fertilizer in a year is steady withoutpeak and trough.
2. The lack of phosphate fertilizer will cause the reduction of branches, slowness and stagnation of new sprouts, and the plants will be short, the flowers and fruits will abscise, the maturation period of fruit will decay.The leaves will become dark green or purple with lack of phosphatefertilizer, however, if the plants are fed with phosphate fertilizerexcessively, some focal spots will appear on the leaves, also it will cause the deficiency of zinc, the reduction of leaves, the emergence of focal spots and reduction of internodes on the top of branches. With the lack ofphosphate fertilizer, some yellow spots will appear on the top of the diseased branches and veins of leaves, and leaves will be shrinking.

The demand of goji berry for potash fertilizer

1. The yields of goji berries will increase after fed by nitrogen fertilizer,phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer. The plants can improve theirproduction after fed by potash fertilizer by increasing the quantity and length of branches, flowers and fruits. Only a small part of the potash fertilizer can be absorbed and utilized by plants, most of them remains in the soil. Therefore, goji berries that have high demand of fertilizer needpotash fertilizer to increase their production maintain the balance of potash and store enough potash in the soil.
2. Potash fertilizer plays an important role in promoting the accumulation of sugar and the maturation of various tissues. The plants need more potash fertilizer in the periods of leaf growth and fruit development. The application of potash fertilizer can significantly improve the quality of the fruit and enhance the drought resistance of goji berries.
3. With the lack of the potash fertilizer, stems of goji berries are thin and easy to flat, and the drought resistance and cold resistance will decline, the leaves will be yellow and dead, the edges of leaves will be shriveled with slow growth, but the middle of the leaves still grow fast, so the leaves will be shriveled like a cup. By the way, this phenomenon often appears in the lower part of the old leaves.

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If you have heard of goji berry (or perhaps wolfberry), then you have probably heard the claims that the Chinese native is a “super food” While some purveyors are less than honest, studies throughout the United States and China confirm the health benefits of the little berry.
For growers, the increasing popularity of the goji berry provides the opportunity to enter market that has expanded over and above ethnic specialty and into the realm of health food. Unlike numerous fruits, which develop best from cuttings, the exotic goji seeds can be stored for future use with little risk of surprises in the area. As researchers commence modifying the seed, or creating hybrid cars from the seven varieties of Chinese goji, this might change. According to USDA data, only 4 varieties of Chinese wolfberry presently grow in America.

Varieties and simple information

 Lycium barbarum Linnaeus (Ningxia gou qi) is easily the most widely propagated type of goji in The far east. Practitioners of chinese medicine consider Lycium barbarum, which develops in the Ningxia province, more advanced than other goji and also rely solely with this species. The shrubbery grow from 0.8 to 2 yards tall and have thorny, balding branches. Berry colour and seed manufacturing differ between the two varieties of Lycium barbarum.
Lycium barbarum var. auranticarpum (huang guo gou qi) produces orange-yellow berry from 4 to eight mm in diameter, with every berry containing in between four and ten seeds. Lycium barbarum var. barbarum (Ningxia gou qi), and its subvarieties Lycium halimifolium Miller; L. lanceolatum Veillard; L. turbinatum Veillard and L. vulgare Dunal, generate red berries ranging from 6 to 10 mm across. Each berry contains more than 15 seed. This variety grows on slopes, around fields and properties or by ditches. It’s widely cultivated regarding medicine throughout The far east, especially in Ningxia and Tianjin Shi and it has been cultivated as well as naturalized in Asia as well as in Europe.
Lycium chinense (gou qi). The particular varieties of Lycium chinense differ significantly in appearance and expand wild on ski slopes, wastelands, saline places and in areas throughout China and other parts of Asia. Shrubs could be erect or sprawling and range from 0.5 to 1 or perhaps 2 meters high. The leaf blades may be short and fat or long as well as spear-like, while the red berries may be ovoid or square, ranging from 0.7 to 1.5 centimeters by 5 to eight mm. Cultivated Lycium chinense bears bigger fruits. Lycium chinense berries include numerous yellow seeds.
The many subvarieties of Lycium chinense var. chinense are usually cultivated in China as a medicinal place or vegetable. Folks use the fruits as a tonic, and the main bark for reducing cough and decreasing fever. They eat the young leaves being a vegetable and use the seed oil like a lubricant and for cooking. The Chinese also develop this species to manage erosion.
Lycium chinense var. potaninii (Pojarkova bei fang gou qi) has thin leaves and oblong berries which range in size from 2 to 2.5 millimeter by 1 centimeters. This variety will be occasionally cultivated, and also grows wild about sunny slopes and in ditches.

Health and marketing

A report by doctors in the University of Hong Kong says that although Lycium barbarum has been utilized for centuries to nurture the liver (therefore improving eyesight) minimizing the signs of aging, the beneficial effects to the body require further examine with modern technology in order to unravel its restorative effects at the biochemical stage. The valuable components of L. barbarum are not limited to the colored components that contains zeaxanthin and carotene, but consist of polysaccharides and various vitamins.
Outcomes of a recently printed study conducted with Ningbo University School of Medicine within Ningbo, China, suggest that Lycium barbarum might be an anti-cancer agent. On the Strang Cancer Prevention Middle in New York City, scientists discovered that it suppresses growth of estrogen receptor-positive human being breast cancer cells. A study at Fu Jen University, inside Taipei, confirmed that the fresh fruit of Lycium barbarum Linnaeus contains carotenoids, flavonoids and also polysaccharides that may prevent persistent diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration.
Researchers at the Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases on the University of Hong Kong lately demonstrated the neuroprotective outcomes of Lycium barbarum. “We have accumulated scientific evidence for its anti-aging outcomes that should be highlighted for modern preventive medicine,” writes R.C. Adjust. “We hope that brand new findings for D. barbarum will pave a new avenue for the usage of Chinese medicine in contemporary evidence-based medicine.”
Finally, a great analysis of the leaves of cultivated Lycium barbarum L. carried out at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan, China, identified the predominance from the flavonoid rutin in goji results in. Both wild and also cultivated goji fruit contain about 6 % of the rutin content in the leaves. Researchers figured that cultivated Lycium barbarumleaves are a ideal source for medication and functional teas.
Chris Kilham (aka. The Medicine Hunter of Fox News fame) been to the Ningxia province in 2009 to investigate goji. This kind of part of China along the southern border of Mongolia is the primary developing and processing position for goji in the world. Kilham, a good ethnobotanist and professor on the University of Ma, has also studied exotic goji. He says that unlike some claims, exotic goji is not a cure-all. “What it is, is a very healthy berry that’s super rich in antioxidants, specifically zeaxanthin, which is very good for that eyes”

Growing

Lycium barbarum shrubs are prolific, but the berries are delicate and require care when picking. Kilham observed that Ningxia?¡¥s producers harvest the goji crop entirely manually.
Instructions for expanding goji from seed are available at www.gojitrees.com/apps/links/. Goji trees can be obtained atwww.gojitrees.com, and via Henry Fields directory, SaskGoji, as well as through specific agreement with Wolfberry Agrodevco. Wolfberry Agrodevco is now marketing production deals for orchard development. Terry Switenky, owner of Wolfberry Agrodevco, intends to develop new and existing kinds of wolfberry for use in production regarding food and beverage products.
“We have been building wolfberry in Saskatchewan since Before 2000 through a process of assortment on varieties that people initially acquired via import,”Switenky says. Following disposing of approximately 100,000 plants and varieties due to inadequate or inappropriate development, Switenky reports that Agrodevco’s “Sask wolfberry,” provides extreme cold and heat patience and high yield.
Holly Fields sells plants in pots goji plants with regard to transplant into career fields. Their 2010 products are open-pollinated from a mommy plant with an unknown origin. The company was unable to provide the cultivar name.
Switenky cautions growers to be careful when purchasing exotic goji trees or seed from online sources. Some varieties are suitable as ornamental plants only. Other kinds can take years to make fruit. Switenky has also discovered some organic certifications to be bogus. Nevertheless, one can verify a healthy certificate number with the USDA.
Switenky believes goji is a prime diversification crop for maqui berry farmers interested in new shifts and markets. “We tend to be selecting several thousand massive areas over North America in order to fill a market simply serviced through import at this time,”he explains. Growers capable of A single,000-tree lots or larger may apply to be part of Wolfberry Agrodevco’s project. Research is ongoing to establish very early fruiting and maintain acceptable yield. Agrodevco is also conducting seedling research and utilizing cuttings to find high acrylic content. In addition, the business is working to produce a variety of goji which will produce leaves suited to making tea. Switenky expects the tea selection to be available in five to six years.

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Organic goji berries are strictly produced with the operation of organic agricultural production system, organic goji berries are natural high-quality products whose pesticide residues is lower than 0.02ppm produced bytransforming the traditional goji berry farm. And they are certified by the USDA and the EU and some Chinese agencies.

The plants of goji berries should be operated organically in managing soil environment, nutrients, fields, harvest, storage and other aspects.

     1. Soil environment

     1) The soil should be tested without use of prohibited substances for 3 years before planting, the qualified is useful.

     2) There should be some crop isolation belts which are helpful to growing around goji berries.

     3) To promote the biological cycle of the goji berry farm, people shouldmake full use of organic matters and nutrient elements, avoid all possible pollution with agricultural technology, maintain and enhance the long-term fertility of the soil in the goji berry farm.

     4) People should not leave some residues of burned crops and other materials in the goji berry farm.

     5) Goji berry farm can not be stacked with rubbishes and other pollutants.

    2. Management of nutrients in goji berry.

    1) Time for fertilization

Goji berries should not be fed without the demand for fertilizer. if the lands need to be fed, people should feed them in late April, late June, late July and at the beginning of September with organic fertilizers and the fertilizers whose content of heavy metals is lower than the national standard.

    2) Methods of fertilizing

Base fertilizer: the method of furrow application in a circle. People should fertilize in grooves with 25-30cm deep 40-50cm far from the root and cover with soil.

foliage spray: generally, people should fertilize every 12-20 days after the mid May in their growing period, and people should do that before 10am and after 4 pm without water on the leaves.

    3) Attentions

    (1) Organic fertilizer should be stored separately.

    (2) To use special sprayers and other facilities which should be stored separately.

    (3) The equipment of organic goji berry should be placed in isolation and cleaned before harvesting.

3. Field management

    1) Planting and cultivating

    (1)Planting: by using organic seeds, interpolations or seedlings, people plant goji berries in late March to early April in spring in 2.5-3 meters of spaing and the distance of 1-1.5 meters, and the plant density is about 220-250 / mu. The crowns of plants are small in the early 1-3 years, so people can grow some leguminous plants in the space.

    (2)Supporting: the goji berries have been planted should fed with enough water and fertilizer, so to enlarge tops and increase fruits, people should tie some supports on the base to ensure the straight growth thus improving yields and economic benefits.

    (3)Cultivating: cultivating in a scientific way can help loose soil and destroy weeds, promote root growth and absorption of nutrients,and prevent pests. People should take measures such as surfacetillage in spring, weeding, digging and so on. And people should also take notice of root rot caused by turned roots.

    2) Water management

    (1)Irrigation time: in April, May, June, July, August, September andNovember.

    (2)Irrigation: people should irrigate firstly in late April with 60m3/mu, when water in the layer of 0 ~ 20cm of the soil is lower than 18%, the soil should be watered in time in March, May and June with 50m3/mu. And it should be watered every 15 days with 50m3/mu in July and August, 60m3/mu in early September, and 70m3/mu in November. The annual irrigation amount should be less than 350m3 to save water.

    (3)Requirement of irrigation: complete irrigation without loss, omission or puddles.

    3) Main diseases and solutions

    (1)Agricultural control

     a) People should clean up the damaged, dead, diseased branches and the branches eaten by worms, withered grass and leaves inearly spring and late autumn in goji berries farm, then people should burn them up out of farm to eliminate the source.

     b) People can take measures such as surface tillage in spring,weeding, fertilizing, irrigation and digging in autumn to kill the insects in the soil and reduce the density of insect.

     c) People can shape and prune the plants by the order of clearingbases, cutting tops, cleaning, repairing the bottom to balance the relationship with growth and bearing fruits, improve theventilation and light transmission and control diseases and insects.

     d) People should put some sticky card traps and ultrasonic transmitters in goji berries farm to interfere pests.

    (2)Chemical control

     a) In the period of sap flowing with soft brunches: people should spray 45% of lime-sulfur 50-100 times (45% of lime-sulfur with 3-5 Baume Degrees).

     b) In the period of sprouting: people should spray 1.3% of matrine 600 times on the crowns.

     c) In the period of budding of the branches which have grown for one year and blooming of the branches which have grown for two years: people should spray 1.3% of matrine 600 times,rotenone and pyrethrin on the crowns. People should put some sticky card traps (sticky + awn) to prevent Lepidoptera and Coleoptera insects and put some ultrasonic transmitters to interfere pests on the crowns.

     d) In the period of blooming of the branches which have grown for one year and fruiting of the branches which have grown for two years: people should spray 3% of amino-oligosaccharin500times on the crowns.

      e)In the period of fruiting of the branches which have grown for one year and maturing of the branches which have grown for two years: people should spray 50% of sulfur SC 400-500 times, 0.5% of azadirachtin 600 times and 3% of amino-oligosaccharin 500times on the crowns.

     f) In the period of maturing of fruits: people should spray 3% ofamino-oligosaccharin 500times on the crowns.

    4. Harvest and storage

    1) Goji berries should be avoided and banned to contact with other pollutants.

    2) Goji berries must be sealed and labeled for storage and transportation.

    3) The producers of organic foods must maintain complete descriptions of the cultivation, fertilizer usage, pest control, harvest and other agricultural activities.

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Since last November, Ningxia around the average temperature is higher than the normal year, less precipitation, serious soil moisture loss. In addition, high temperatures in winter and spring to cause migratory insect pests overwinter, and frequent pest retransmission, increase the difficulty of goji berry pest control. In view of this situation, our planting base to make arrangements in advance and pest prevention and control work this year, goji berry, and requirements of the technical departments of propaganda and training guidance, strengthen the scientific use of knowledge and skills, make sure pest Commission ruled against timely and effective.

Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of Goji berry is an important measure to improve the yield and quality of goji berry. We asked the base to strengthen the dynamic monitoring of the occurrence and development of diseases and insect pests of goji berry, timely release forecast. Especially at the base of 256 points in 2016 established the forecast of goji berry, increase the number of layout, equipped with professional and technical personnel for monitoring, accurately grasp the dynamic pests and diseases, pest prevention and control technology and released the forecast information timely.

In the spring, late spring coldness wind, temperature change and other characteristics, planting period, to do a good job of Goji berry seedlings planted in irrigation and planting time, prevent dry, effectively improve the survival rate of planting goji berry. Goji farmers should strengthen field management. It is necessary to carry on the reasonable pruning to the goji berry tree, cut off the branches which have the disease and insect pests, cut and burn them or bury them deeply. At the same time, adjust the tree body load, improve the conditions of ventilation and light transmission, improve the ability of disease resistance. To clean the medlar garden, timely and thorough cleaning and removal of litter, leaves, weeds, fruit, fruit to be buried, dead, burned, which can effectively kill the overwintering pests, reduce pests base. In addition, the pests prevention and control before goji berry Jaapiella sp., mite, Psylla, timely organize and carry out specialized anti rule, combined with the well blowout preventing soil application. Before and after the early stage of Goji berry pruning, germination, the best spray two times. Can be sprayed 3 degrees to 5 degrees organic pesticides, trees, the ground should be sprayed. This way, not only can protect the wound after pruning and branches, but also to destroy in the trunk and the soil in the winter of insects.

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Every one Focus on quality and safety problems of goji berries, because consumers are very concerned about pesticide residues. Since 2003, Zhang Rong led the team to carry out a national science and technology research projects, this project is called the safe use of pesticides and insect pests technical platform of goji berry.

After ten years, until 2014, 29 kinds of chemical pesticides and agricultural risk assessment all out. The following is the urgent need to introduce pesticide maximum residue limits.

Why set standards? Zhang Rong explained, there is no excessive goji berry pesticide residues in the law, batches of goji berry exports encountered pesticide residues’ technical barriers’ and was returned, this become China’s exports of goji berry and domestic food safety supervision of the short board. Therefore, in order to promote the healthy development of goji berry industry and improve the international competitiveness of goji berry products, it is urgent to study and formulate the national standards for pesticide residues in Lycium barbarum fruit.”

To this end, Zhang Rong led the team to do a lot of work. In 2016 she drafted a standard draft and preparation instructions, in late October the formation of “pesticide goji berry fruit MRLs” local food safety standards draft, has been submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture approved and issued.[/fusion_text][/one_full][one_full last=”yes” spacing=”yes” center_content=”no” hide_on_mobile=”no” background_color=”” background_image=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” background_position=”left top” hover_type=”none” link=”” border_position=”all” border_size=”0px” border_color=”” border_style=”” padding=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”” animation_speed=”0.1″ animation_offset=”” class=”” id=””][fusion_text]“Now we are very concerned about organic goji berry, which is a good thing, but it is easy to occur pests, if the control is not good, will suffer losses.” Zhang Rong cited an example, she said, Ningxia Dadi ecological Co., Ltd. in 2013 to build a base in Ningxia goji berry, the first year there is no fruit, so no pests. The spring of 2014, we look to the base, has been found goji berry mite disease, to remind the enterprises must fight pesticides, otherwise once the outbreak of a large area and it is difficult to control pesticide. But our proposal did not get enough attention, missed the April key control period, to the end of May, and the outbreak of gall mite. At this time the enterprise worried, but unfortunately missed the best timing. That year, Dadi’s Goji berry basically all diseases. They regret not using our plan in the early stages. Enterprises suffered heavy losses. Since then, they have been very active and the general manager has said, ‘I’ll listen to you.’. Last year, we seize the critical period of disease prevention and control, scientific medication, as a result, the high yield of goji berry, good quality. Now enterprises are very recognized.”

Turning to the future direction of the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in China, Zhang Rong said a new word: ecological regulation”. She said, “whether you control what way, they cannot do without pesticides, but must make use of biological diversity, ecological regulation, that is to say, first the pest control, and then use the biological pesticide way of putting it steady. At present, Dadi has opened up 150 acres of land for the ‘ecological control’ test. From the beginning of last year to do identification, then according to the different varieties and different proportion of planted some plants, the goji berry and red dates, Apple’s implementation of interplanting, completed a suitable crop control region, through a year of observation, we found that the test area and incidence of diseases is very small, it is pest the harm of natural enemies in a hurry up. This technology is still in the practice phase, I hope that two years later, out of a technical parameter, do a model, and then conduct a comprehensive promotion, so that goji berry completely out of pesticides……”

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